fancy-dns/internal/config/config.go

// Package config holds the declarative configuration for fancy-dns, its
// validation, and the atomic hot-reloadable store the whole server reads from.
//
// Configuration is intentionally file-based (YAML for the service itself,
// DNS master files for zone data) so that a deployment can be reviewed,
// diffed and rolled back with git. Mutations made through the admin API are
// written back to the same file and then broadcast to the cluster.
package config

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding/json"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"net"
	"net/netip"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"path/filepath"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"time"

	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
)

// Duration is a time.Duration that unmarshals from a YAML/JSON string such as
// "30s" or "1h30m". A bare integer is interpreted as seconds.
type Duration time.Duration

func (d *Duration) UnmarshalYAML(value *yaml.Node) error {
	var s string
	if err := value.Decode(&s); err == nil {
		s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
		if s == "" {
			*d = 0
			return nil
		}
		// Bare numbers are seconds, matching the convention used by the
		// surrounding YAML (and by CoreDNS-ish configs people copy around).
		if n, err := time.ParseDuration(s); err == nil {
			*d = Duration(n)
			return nil
		}
		// time.ParseDuration insists on a unit, so the numeric seconds forms
		// (7, 1.5) have to be handled here; without this the documented "a
		// bare integer is seconds" rule never worked, because yaml decodes
		// every scalar into a string and the old float fallback was
		// unreachable.
		if f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, 64); err == nil {
			ns := f * float64(time.Second)
			if ns >= float64(math.MaxInt64) || ns < float64(math.MinInt64) {
				return fmt.Errorf("invalid duration %q: out of range", s)
			}
			*d = Duration(time.Duration(ns))
			return nil
		}
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid duration %q", s)
	}
	// Not a scalar at all (mapping/sequence): nothing sensible to interpret.
	return fmt.Errorf("invalid duration: %s", value.Value)
}

// MarshalJSON writes the Go duration string ("30s"), matching MarshalYAML and
// what the console's types declare. Without it a config.Duration on the wire
// became a nanosecond count, so `bootstraps[].refresh` arrived as 30000000000
// and the console's duration field was nonsense.
func (d Duration) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
	return json.Marshal(time.Duration(d).String())
}

// UnmarshalJSON accepts the duration string the server writes, and a bare
// number as SECONDS — not nanoseconds, which is what encoding/json would do by
// default and what nobody means. Accepting the number keeps a hand-written
// client (`{"healthcheck_interval": 30}`) working instead of silently meaning
// 30ns.
func (d *Duration) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
	var s string
	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &s); err == nil {
		v, err := time.ParseDuration(strings.TrimSpace(s))
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("invalid duration %q: %w", s, err)
		}
		*d = Duration(v)
		return nil
	}
	var n float64
	if err := json.Unmarshal(b, &n); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("duration must be a string or a number of seconds: %s", b)
	}
	*d = Duration(n * float64(time.Second))
	return nil
}

func (d Duration) MarshalYAML() (any, error) { return time.Duration(d).String(), nil }

func (d Duration) D() time.Duration { return time.Duration(d) }

// Config is the root document. Every section has sane defaults applied by
// Default() so that a minimal config file is still a working server.
type Config struct {
	// Version is bumped by the admin API when it rewrites the file; it is
	// echoed in /api/config and used to detect divergence in the cluster.
	Version int64 `yaml:"version,omitempty"`

	Server   Server   `yaml:"server"`
	DNS      DNS      `yaml:"dns"`
	Upstream Upstream `yaml:"upstream"`
	Cache    Cache    `yaml:"cache"`
	Block    Block    `yaml:"blocklist"`
	ACL      ACL      `yaml:"acl"`
	QueryLog QueryLog `yaml:"qlog"`
	Cluster  Cluster  `yaml:"cluster"`
	API      API      `yaml:"api"`
	Metrics  Metrics  `yaml:"metrics"`
	Log      Log      `yaml:"log"`
	Memory   Memory   `yaml:"memory"`
}

// Server groups the process-level knobs.
type Server struct {
	// MaxConcurrent caps in-flight upstream resolutions; excess queries are
	// answered with SERVFAIL rather than queueing without bound.
	MaxConcurrent int `yaml:"max_concurrent"`
	// MaxConcurrentPerClient mirrors MaxConcurrent but per client IP. 0 = off.
	MaxConcurrentPerClient int     `yaml:"max_concurrent_per_client"`
	Timeouts               Timeout `yaml:"timeouts"`
	// WorkingDir is only informational (shown in the UI).
	WorkingDir string `yaml:"working_dir,omitempty"`
}

type Timeout struct {
	UDP    Duration `yaml:"udp"`
	TCP    Duration `yaml:"tcp"`
	TLS    Duration `yaml:"tls"`
	Query  Duration `yaml:"query"`
	Upstre Duration `yaml:"upstream"`
	List   Duration `yaml:"list_fetch"`
}

// DNS describes every listener the server exposes.
type DNS struct {
	UDP  []string `yaml:"udp"`
	TCP  []string `yaml:"tcp"`
	DoT  DoT      `yaml:"dot"`
	DoH  DoH      `yaml:"doh"`
	EDNS EDNS     `yaml:"edns0"`
	// ServeStale answers from cache after an upstream failure.
	ServeStale Duration `yaml:"serve_stale"`
	// MaxUDPSize is what we advertise as our own EDNS0 buffer size.
	MaxUDPSize uint16 `yaml:"max_udp_size"`
	// Truncate policy: "question" sets TC and returns the header+question.
	Recursion bool `yaml:"recursion_desired"`
	// HideIdentity stops leaking our version string in CHAOS/bind.
	HideIdentity bool `yaml:"hide_identity"`
}

type DoT struct {
	Enabled  bool     `yaml:"enabled"`
	Listen   []string `yaml:"listen"`
	CertFile string   `yaml:"cert_file"`
	KeyFile  string   `yaml:"key_file"`
	// ClientCA enables mTLS when set; clients must then present a cert.
	ClientCA string `yaml:"client_ca"`
	// MinVersion is "1.2" or "1.3".
	MinVersion string `yaml:"min_version"`
	// Upstream makes our own outgoing queries encrypted (RFC 7858, 8.4.1).
	Upstream bool `yaml:"upstream"`
}

type DoH struct {
	Enabled  bool     `yaml:"enabled"`
	Listen   []string `yaml:"listen"`
	CertFile string   `yaml:"cert_file"`
	KeyFile  string   `yaml:"key_file"`
	BasePath string   `yaml:"base_path"`
	// EchConfig is an optional ECHConfigList to serve over HTTPS (RFC 9460).
	MinVersion string `yaml:"min_version"`
	// AllowPost enables the RFC 8484 POST profile in addition to GET.
	AllowPost bool      `yaml:"allow_post"`
	Transport Transport `yaml:"transport"`
}

// Transport selects between HTTP/2 (h2) and HTTP/3 (h3) for DoH.
type Transport struct {
	// "auto" upgrades to HTTP/3 when the listener is UDP, else h2.
	Mode string `yaml:"mode"`
	// AltSvc lets the listener advertise h3 via Alt-Svc.
	AltSvc string `yaml:"alt_svc"`
}

type EDNS struct {
	// ClientSubnet enables RFC 7871 EDNS-Client-Subnet passthrough.
	ClientSubnet bool  `yaml:"client_subnet"`
	IPv4Bits     uint8 `yaml:"ipv4_bits"`
	IPv6Bits     uint8 `yaml:"ipv6_bits"`
	// MaxUDPSize overrides the advertised EDNS0 buffer for our own answers.
	CookieSupport bool `yaml:"cookie_support"`
	// PreserveEDNS0 copies the incoming OPT options into upstream queries.
	PreserveEDNS0 bool `yaml:"preserve"`
}

type Upstream struct {
	// Servers is the upstream pool.
	Servers []UpstreamServer `yaml:"servers"`
	// Policy is "parallel" (query all, first answer wins), "random" (pick N)
	// or "failover" (walk the list in order).
	Policy string `yaml:"policy"`
	// MaxAttempts bounds how many upstreams are tried per query.
	MaxAttempts int `yaml:"max_attempts"`
	// Healthcheck interval; 0 disables active health probing.
	HealthCheck Duration `yaml:"healthcheck_interval"`
	// CircuitBreaker trips an upstream after this many consecutive failures.
	BreakerThreshold int      `yaml:"breaker_threshold"`
	BreakerCooldown  Duration `yaml:"breaker_cooldown"`
	// Bootstraps resolves upstream hostnames at startup and on change.
	Bootstraps []UpstreamBootstrap `yaml:"bootstraps"`
}

// UpstreamServer is one resolver. The json tags exist for the same reason as
// config.Group's: PUT /api/upstreams decodes the console's payload with
// DisallowUnknownFields, and the console round-trips the whole server object
// it read from GET /api/upstreams — including the runtime health fields the
// server owns. Accepting them (and ignoring them) is the contract; refusing
// them made every save in the console answer 400.
type UpstreamServer struct {
	// Addr is host:port; host may be an IP or a name resolved via Bootstraps.
	Addr string `yaml:"addr" json:"addr"`
	// Proto is "udp", "tcp" or "tls" (DoT, 8.4.1).
	Proto string `yaml:"proto" json:"proto"`
	// ServerName / InsecureSkipVerify are only used with proto: tls.
	ServerName         string `yaml:"server_name" json:"server_name"`
	InsecureSkipVerify bool   `yaml:"insecure_skip_verify" json:"insecure_skip_verify"`
	// HealthPath is a hostname used for health probes instead of the Addr host.
	HealthName string `yaml:"health_name" json:"health_name"`
	// Weight biases random selection (default 1).
	Weight int `yaml:"weight" json:"weight"`
	// MaxFails before the breaker opens; 0 uses the global threshold.
	MaxFails int    `yaml:"max_fails" json:"max_fails"`
	Comment  string `yaml:"comment,omitempty" json:"comment,omitempty"`
	// Health and the counters below are read-only runtime state. They are
	// accepted on a write and ignored, because the server owns them; the
	// console sends back the object it read.
	Health      string  `yaml:"-" json:"health,omitempty"`
	LatencyMS   float64 `yaml:"-" json:"latency_ms,omitempty"`
	AvgMS       float64 `yaml:"-" json:"avg_ms,omitempty"`
	P95MS       float64 `yaml:"-" json:"p95_ms,omitempty"`
	FailRate    float64 `yaml:"-" json:"fail_rate,omitempty"`
	Queries     uint64  `yaml:"-" json:"queries,omitempty"`
	Failures    uint64  `yaml:"-" json:"failures,omitempty"`
	BreakerOpen bool    `yaml:"-" json:"breaker_open,omitempty"`
	LastError   string  `yaml:"-" json:"last_error,omitempty"`
}

type UpstreamBootstrap struct {
	Name      string   `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
	Addresses []string `yaml:"addresses" json:"addresses"`
	// Refresh re-resolves periodically (for dyn names).
	Refresh Duration `yaml:"refresh" json:"refresh"`
}

type Cache struct {
	Enabled bool `yaml:"enabled"`
	// Size is the in-memory entry budget for the LRU.
	Size int `yaml:"size"`
	// Shards must be a power of two; 0 picks 32.
	Shards int `yaml:"shards"`
	// MinTTL/MaxTTL clamp the TTLs taken from upstream answers.
	MinTTL Duration `yaml:"min_ttl"`
	MaxTTL Duration `yaml:"max_ttl"`
	// ServeStale keeps expired entries around for this long so a dead
	// upstream does not turn into a latency cliff.
	ServeStale Duration `yaml:"serve_stale"`
	// Prefetch keeps ServeStale windows warm.
	Prefetch bool `yaml:"prefetch"`
	// Persist writes a snapshot to bbolt so restarts stay warm.
	Persist CachePersist `yaml:"persist"`
	// Prewarm is a list of "domain/type" (e.g. "example.com/A") to load at boot.
	Prewarm []string `yaml:"prewarm"`
	// Negative caches NXDOMAIN/NODATA, bounded by the SOA minimum.
	NegativeTTL Duration `yaml:"negative_ttl"`
}

type CachePersist struct {
	Enabled bool `yaml:"enabled"`
	// Path is the bbolt file; defaults under the data directory.
	Path string `yaml:"path"`
	// Interval is the snapshot write cadence.
	Interval Duration `yaml:"interval"`
	// MaxEntries caps the persisted snapshot (0 = no cap).
	MaxEntries int `yaml:"max_entries"`
	// LoadOnStart reads a snapshot from disk at boot.
	LoadOnStart bool `yaml:"load_on_start"`
}

type Block struct {
	Enabled bool `yaml:"enabled"`
	// DefaultAction is "nxdomain", "zero", "redirect" or "drop".
	DefaultAction string `yaml:"default_action"`
	// ResponseIP/ResponseIPv6 are used by the "zero" action.
	ResponseIP   string   `yaml:"response_ip"`
	ResponseIPv6 string   `yaml:"response_ipv6"`
	ResponseTTL  Duration `yaml:"response_ttl"`
	// ResponseName/CNAME are used by the "redirect" action.
	RedirectName string `yaml:"redirect_name"`
	// LocalZones are DNS master files (RFC 1035) holding RPZ-style policy
	// records and/or locally defined zones.
	LocalZones []string `yaml:"local_zones"`
	// ManagedZones is the directory the admin API may write local zone
	// files into: one <apex>.zone per zone, holding the SOA, the apex NS
	// set and whatever records the console created. It is the only zone
	// data the console owns — the files in LocalZones are the operator's and
	// are reported read-only.
	//
	// Empty means the console's zone pages are read-only, so a deployment
	// that never sets it cannot have zone data rewritten behind its back.
	ManagedZones string `yaml:"managed_zones"`
	// Lists are remote or on-disk sources of block data.
	Lists []ListSource `yaml:"lists"`
	// AllowEntries and BlockEntries are inline rules (a list of DNS names or
	// master-file lines), useful for small static policies.
	AllowEntries []string `yaml:"allow_entries"`
	BlockEntries []string `yaml:"block_entries"`
	// Parallelism for list parsing/compilation.
	Parallelism int `yaml:"parallelism"`
}

type ListSource struct {
	Name string `yaml:"name"`
	// Format is auto|hosts|adblock|plain|rpz.
	Format string `yaml:"format"`
	// URL and Path: at least one is required. URL wins when both are set; the
	// downloaded copy is written to Path so restarts work without network.
	URL     string   `yaml:"url"`
	Path    string   `yaml:"path"`
	Mirror  []string `yaml:"mirror"`
	Enabled bool     `yaml:"enabled"`
	// Refresh interval; 0 disables scheduled refresh (manual only).
	Refresh Duration `yaml:"refresh"`
	// Timeout for the fetch.
	Timeout Duration `yaml:"timeout"`
	// MaxBytes guards against a runaway/hostile list.
	MaxBytes int64 `yaml:"max_bytes"`
	// ETag / LastModified enable conditional refreshes.
	ETag         string `yaml:"etag"`
	LastModified string `yaml:"last_modified"`
	// Category tags feed the UI breakdown.
	Categories []string `yaml:"categories"`
	// InsecureSkipTLSVerify is only for self-hosted mirrors.
	InsecureSkipTLSVerify bool `yaml:"insecure_skip_tls_verify"`
	// LastGood keeps the previous compiled set if a refresh fails.
	Comment string `yaml:"comment,omitempty"`
}

type ACL struct {
	// DefaultPolicy is "allow", "deny" or "block_only".
	DefaultPolicy string `yaml:"default_policy"`
	// DefaultRateLimit is queries/second per client IP; 0 = unlimited.
	DefaultRateLimit int     `yaml:"default_rate_limit"`
	Groups           []Group `yaml:"groups"`
}

// Group is a named set of clients sharing a policy. Groups are evaluated
// top-to-bottom; the first match wins.
//
// The json tags are the same as the yaml ones and they are not decoration:
// PUT /api/clients decodes the admin console's payload into this struct with
// DisallowUnknownFields, and the console sends snake_case. A struct with only
// yaml tags made every write answer 400 `json: unknown field "ptr_suffixes"`.
type Group struct {
	Name    string `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
	Comment string `yaml:"comment,omitempty" json:"comment,omitempty"`
	Match   Match  `yaml:"match" json:"match"`
	// Policy is "allow" (full resolution), "block_only" (blocklists still
	// apply, everything else resolves) or "deny" (REFUSED).
	Policy string `yaml:"policy" json:"policy"`
	// AllowDomains / DenyDomains are per-group overrides; the names support
	// the same wildcards as blocklists ("*.example.com", "**.example.com").
	AllowDomains []string `yaml:"allow_domains" json:"allow_domains"`
	DenyDomains  []string `yaml:"deny_domains" json:"deny_domains"`
	// BlocklistToggle lets a group opt out of blocklist filtering.
	SkipBlocklist bool `yaml:"skip_blocklist" json:"skip_blocklist"`
	// CacheToggle lets a group bypass the cache (fresh lookups only).
	SkipCache bool `yaml:"skip_cache" json:"skip_cache"`
	// RateLimit overrides ACL.DefaultRateLimit for this group.
	RateLimit int `yaml:"rate_limit" json:"rate_limit"`
	// MaxConcurrent overrides Server.MaxConcurrentPerClient.
	MaxConcurrent int `yaml:"max_concurrent" json:"max_concurrent"`
	// LogQueries forces query logging for this group regardless of sampling.
	LogQueries bool     `yaml:"log_queries" json:"log_queries"`
	Upstreams  []string `yaml:"upstreams" json:"upstreams"`
}

// Match selects clients by network identity.
type Match struct {
	// CIDRs are matched against the client address (v4 or v6).
	CIDRs []string `yaml:"cidrs" json:"cidrs"`
	// Networks match DNS clients identified by a resolved PTR of their
	// reverse name; the name must end with one of the suffixes.
	PTRSuffixes []string `yaml:"ptr_suffixes" json:"ptr_suffixes"`
	// Tags are matched against the client tag set derived from PTR labels,
	// e.g. "laptop" for "laptop.lan.internal.".
	Tags []string `yaml:"tags" json:"tags"`
	// Always matches (useful as a catch-all fallback group).
	Any bool `yaml:"any" json:"any"`
}

type QueryLog struct {
	Enabled bool `yaml:"enabled"`
	// Path is the bbolt file backing the query log ring.
	Path string `yaml:"path"`
	// MaxEntries bounds the ring; oldest are dropped.
	MaxEntries int `yaml:"max_entries"`
	// FlushInterval batches writes.
	FlushInterval Duration `yaml:"flush_interval"`
	// SampleRate is 0..1 for non-blocked, non-error queries.
	SampleRate float64 `yaml:"sample_rate"`
	// What to record.
	LogBlocked bool `yaml:"log_blocked"`
	LogCached  bool `yaml:"log_cached"`
	LogErrors  bool `yaml:"log_errors"`
	LogClients bool `yaml:"log_client_names"`
	// LiveBuffer is the ring of recent entries kept in memory for the UI/SSE.
	LiveBuffer int `yaml:"live_buffer"`
	// Retention of aggregated per-domain counters.
	TopDomains int      `yaml:"top_domains"`
	TopTTL     Duration `yaml:"top_ttl"`
}

type Cluster struct {
	Enabled bool `yaml:"enabled"`
	// NodeID defaults to hostname; instances use it to elect a refresh leader.
	NodeID string `yaml:"node_id"`
	// Advertise is the address other instances dial for the admin API.
	Advertise string `yaml:"advertise"`
	// PeerSync makes this instance push its config file to peers.
	PeerSync bool     `yaml:"peer_sync"`
	PeerTTL  Duration `yaml:"peer_ttl"`
	Valkey   Valkey   `yaml:"valkey"`
}

type Valkey struct {
	// Addrs is a list of host:port.
	Addrs []string `yaml:"addrs"`
	// Username/Password for ACL-based auth.
	Username string `yaml:"username"`
	Password string `yaml:"password"`
	DB       int    `yaml:"db"`
	Prefix   string `yaml:"prefix"`
	TLS      bool   `yaml:"tls"`
	PoolSize int    `yaml:"pool_size"`
	// DialTimeout/ReadTimeout bound cluster operations.
	DialTimeout Duration `yaml:"dial_timeout"`
	ReadTimeout Duration `yaml:"read_timeout"`
	// LeaderTTL is the lease length for list-refresh leadership.
	LeaderTTL Duration `yaml:"leader_ttl"`
}

type API struct {
	Enabled bool `yaml:"enabled"`
	// Listen is the plain HTTP admin/API listener.
	Listen []string `yaml:"listen"`
	// TLSListen serves the admin API (and UI) over TLS instead.
	TLSListen []string `yaml:"tls_listen"`
	CertFile  string   `yaml:"cert_file"`
	KeyFile   string   `yaml:"key_file"`
	BasePath  string   `yaml:"base_path"`
	Auth      Auth     `yaml:"auth"`
	RateLimit AuthRate `yaml:"rate_limit"`
	// UI toggles the embedded admin console.
	UI bool `yaml:"ui"`
	// AllowConfigWrite lets the API rewrite the config file.
	AllowConfigWrite bool `yaml:"allow_config_write"`
	// AllowBlocklistWrite lets the API write blocklist files to disk.
	AllowBlocklistWrite bool `yaml:"allow_blocklist_write"`
	// TrustedProxies is the set of proxies allowed to set X-Forwarded-For.
	TrustedProxies []string `yaml:"trusted_proxies"`
	// CORSOrigins; "*" is allowed but discouraged.
	CORSOrigins []string `yaml:"cors_origins"`
	// Pprof mounts net/http/pprof on the admin listener for profiling a
	// running server. It is refused unless every admin address is loopback,
	// because the handlers take no API key and pprof/cmdline leaks the
	// command line.
	Pprof bool `yaml:"pprof"`
}

type Auth struct {
	// Mode is "none", "apikey", "basic" or "oidc".
	Mode string `yaml:"mode"`
	// OIDC settings validate access tokens issued by an external provider.
	OIDCIssuer     string   `yaml:"oidc_issuer"`
	OIDCAudience   string   `yaml:"oidc_audience"`
	OIDCClientID   string   `yaml:"oidc_client_id"`
	OIDCWriteRoles []string `yaml:"oidc_write_roles"`
	// APIKeys grant full access.
	APIKeys []string `yaml:"api_keys"`
	// ReadOnlyAPIKeys may only call GET endpoints.
	ReadOnlyAPIKeys []string `yaml:"read_only_api_keys"`
	// Basic user; Password may be plaintext (bcrypt-hashed at load time) or a
	// bcrypt hash (prefix "$2").
	Username   string   `yaml:"username"`
	Password   string   `yaml:"password"`
	SessionTTL Duration `yaml:"session_ttl"`
	// TrustLoopback skips auth for requests from 127.0.0.0/8 and ::1.
	TrustLoopback bool `yaml:"trust_loopback"`
}

type AuthRate struct {
	// Requests per minute per IP for the login endpoint.
	PerMinute int `yaml:"per_minute"`
	// Failures per minute per IP before a temporary lockout.
	Failures int      `yaml:"failures"`
	Lockout  Duration `yaml:"lockout"`
}

type Metrics struct {
	Enabled bool   `yaml:"enabled"`
	Path    string `yaml:"path"`
	// Protect requires the API token for /metrics.
	Protect bool `yaml:"protect"`
}

type Log struct {
	// Level is debug|info|warn|error.
	Level string `yaml:"level"`
	// Format is text|json.
	Format string `yaml:"format"`
	// Addr overrides the log destination; empty means stderr.
	Addr string `yaml:"addr"`
}

// Default returns a fully-populated configuration. Callers are expected to
// unmarshal the user file on top of it, then Validate.
func Default() *Config {
	return &Config{
		Server: Server{
			MaxConcurrent:          1024,
			MaxConcurrentPerClient: 0,
			Timeouts: Timeout{
				UDP:    Duration(2 * time.Second),
				TCP:    Duration(4 * time.Second),
				TLS:    Duration(4 * time.Second),
				Query:  Duration(5 * time.Second),
				Upstre: Duration(2 * time.Second),
				List:   Duration(60 * time.Second),
			},
		},
		DNS: DNS{
			UDP:        []string{"0.0.0.0:53", "[::]:53"},
			TCP:        []string{"0.0.0.0:53", "[::]:53"},
			MaxUDPSize: 1232,
			Recursion:  true,
			DoT:        DoT{MinVersion: "1.2", Listen: []string{"0.0.0.0:853"}},
			DoH:        DoH{BasePath: "/dns-query", MinVersion: "1.2", AllowPost: true, Transport: Transport{Mode: "auto"}, Listen: []string{"0.0.0.0:443"}},
			EDNS:       EDNS{ClientSubnet: true, IPv4Bits: 24, IPv6Bits: 56, PreserveEDNS0: true},
			ServeStale: Duration(0),
		},
		Upstream: Upstream{
			Policy: "parallel",
			Servers: []UpstreamServer{
				{Addr: "9.9.9.9:53", Proto: "udp", Weight: 1, HealthName: "dns.quad9.net"},
				{Addr: "149.112.112.112:53", Proto: "udp", Weight: 1, HealthName: "dns.quad9.net"},
				{Addr: "1.1.1.1:53", Proto: "tls", ServerName: "cloudflare-dns.com", Weight: 1, HealthName: "cloudflare.com"},
				{Addr: "9.9.9.9:853", Proto: "tls", ServerName: "dns.quad9.net", Weight: 1, HealthName: "dns.quad9.net"},
				{Addr: "1.0.0.1:53", Proto: "udp", Weight: 1, HealthName: "one.one.one.one"},
			},
			MaxAttempts:      3,
			HealthCheck:      Duration(30 * time.Second),
			BreakerThreshold: 5,
			BreakerCooldown:  Duration(30 * time.Second),
		},
		Cache: Cache{
			Enabled:     true,
			Size:        200000,
			Shards:      32,
			MinTTL:      Duration(0),
			MaxTTL:      Duration(time.Hour),
			ServeStale:  Duration(30 * time.Minute),
			Prefetch:    true,
			NegativeTTL: Duration(30 * time.Minute),
			Persist: CachePersist{
				Enabled:     true,
				Interval:    Duration(30 * time.Second),
				MaxEntries:  500000,
				LoadOnStart: true,
			},
		},
		Block: Block{
			Enabled:       true,
			DefaultAction: "nxdomain",
			ResponseIP:    "0.0.0.0",
			ResponseIPv6:  "::",
			ResponseTTL:   Duration(60 * time.Second),
			Parallelism:   4,
		},
		ACL: ACL{
			DefaultPolicy: "allow",
		},
		QueryLog: QueryLog{
			Enabled:       true,
			MaxEntries:    200000,
			FlushInterval: Duration(time.Second),
			SampleRate:    1,
			LogBlocked:    true,
			LogCached:     true,
			LogErrors:     true,
			LiveBuffer:    2000,
			TopDomains:    5000,
			TopTTL:        Duration(5 * time.Minute),
		},
		Cluster: Cluster{
			Enabled: false,
			PeerTTL: Duration(15 * time.Second),
			Valkey: Valkey{
				Prefix:      "fancydns",
				PoolSize:    10,
				DialTimeout: Duration(2 * time.Second),
				ReadTimeout: Duration(2 * time.Second),
				LeaderTTL:   Duration(30 * time.Second),
			},
		},
		API: API{
			Enabled:             true,
			Listen:              []string{"127.0.0.1:8080"},
			BasePath:            "/api",
			UI:                  true,
			AllowConfigWrite:    true,
			AllowBlocklistWrite: true,
			Auth: Auth{
				Mode:          "apikey",
				SessionTTL:    Duration(12 * time.Hour),
				TrustLoopback: true,
			},
			RateLimit: AuthRate{PerMinute: 60, Failures: 10, Lockout: Duration(5 * time.Minute)},
		},
		Metrics: Metrics{Enabled: true, Path: "/metrics"},
		Log:     Log{Level: "info", Format: "text"},
	}
}

// Load reads path (if non-empty) on top of Default and validates the result.
func Load(path string) (*Config, error) {
	cfg := Default()
	if path != "" {
		raw, err := os.ReadFile(path)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("read config: %w", err)
		}
		raw, err = expandEnv(raw)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config %s: %w", path, err)
		}
		if err := yaml.Unmarshal(raw, cfg); err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse config %s: %w", path, err)
		}
		cfg.applyDefaults()
		cfg.WorkingDirOrSet(filepath.Dir(path))
	} else {
		cfg.WorkingDirOrSet(".")
	}
	if err := cfg.Validate(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return cfg, nil
}

// expandEnv substitutes ${NAME} and ${NAME:-default} in a config document
// before it is parsed, so a secret can come from the environment (a
// Secret-mounted env var in Kubernetes, for instance) instead of being
// committed next to the rest of the config.
//
// Three rules, each of which exists because breaking it is a real footgun:
//
//   - Only the braced forms are touched, so a bare `$` in a URL or a
//     blocklist rule survives verbatim.
//   - Comments are copied through untouched. A config that *documents* the
//     syntax ("# api_keys: ${FANCYDNS_API_KEY}") must still load.
//   - An unset variable with no default is an error, not an empty string:
//     `api_keys: ["${FANCYDNS_API_KEY}"]` silently expanding to `[""]` is how
//     a deployment ends up with no authentication at all.
func expandEnv(raw []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if !bytes.Contains(raw, []byte("${")) {
		return raw, nil
	}
	var b bytes.Buffer
	b.Grow(len(raw))
	// Line-at-a-time so the comment state can be tracked: a `#` only opens a
	// comment outside quotes, and only when it starts the line or follows
	// whitespace. That is YAML's rule, and a config with `#` inside a quoted
	// string must not be truncated at it.
	for off := 0; off < len(raw); {
		line := raw[off:]
		if nl := bytes.IndexByte(line, '\n'); nl >= 0 {
			line = line[:nl+1]
		}
		err := expandLine(line, &b)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("line %d: %w", bytes.Count(raw[:off], []byte("\n"))+1, err)
		}
		off += len(line)
	}
	return b.Bytes(), nil
}

// expandLine appends one line to b, substituting the ${...} references it
// finds outside comments.
//
// The scan tracks quotes so that two rules hold at once: a `#` only opens a
// comment outside quotes and only at the start of a line or after whitespace
// (YAML's rule, so a `#` inside a quoted string is data, not a comment), and a
// reference inside a quoted scalar — which is how `api_keys: ["${KEY}"]` is
// naturally written — is expanded rather than copied through.
func expandLine(line []byte, b *bytes.Buffer) error {
	var inSingle, inDouble, escaped, inComment bool
	for i := 0; i < len(line); {
		c := line[i]
		if inComment {
			b.WriteByte(c)
			i++
			continue
		}
		// An escape is consumed before the reference check below, or
		// "\${FOO}" would still expand.
		if escaped {
			escaped = false
			b.WriteByte(c)
			i++
			continue
		}
		// References expand wherever they are not in a comment, quotes
		// included: the whole point of the feature is that
		// `api_keys: ["${KEY}"]` is how an operator would naturally write it.
		// Quote tracking exists only to decide whether a '#' opens a comment.
		if c == '$' && i+1 < len(line) && line[i+1] == '{' {
			end := bytes.IndexByte(line[i+2:], '}')
			if end < 0 {
				return fmt.Errorf("unterminated ${ at byte %d", i)
			}
			spec := string(line[i+2 : i+2+end])
			i += end + 3

			name, def := spec, ""
			hasDefault := false
			// colonDefault marks the ":-" form, which substitutes for an empty
			// value as well as an unset one (POSIX). A bare "-" default applies
			// only when the variable is unset.
			colonDefault := false
			switch k := strings.Index(spec, ":-"); {
			case k >= 0:
				name, def, hasDefault, colonDefault = spec[:k], spec[k+2:], true, true
			case strings.IndexByte(spec, '-') >= 0:
				// A bare `-` is a default too, for an unset (not an empty)
				// variable. It splits on the FIRST hyphen, so a variable name
				// may not contain one.
				k := strings.IndexByte(spec, '-')
				name, def, hasDefault = spec[:k], spec[k+1:], true
			}
			if name == "" {
				return fmt.Errorf("empty variable name in ${%s}", spec)
			}
			v, isSet := os.LookupEnv(name)
			switch {
			case isSet && (v != "" || !hasDefault || !colonDefault):
				// A variable that is set but empty expands to empty. That is
				// the whole difference between ${X}, ${X-y} and ${X:-y}, and
				// getting it wrong turns an intentionally blank secret into a
				// startup failure.
				b.WriteString(v)
			case hasDefault:
				b.WriteString(def)
			default:
				return fmt.Errorf("environment variable %s is not set (use ${%s:-default} to give it a fallback)", name, name)
			}
			continue
		}
		switch {
		case inDouble:
			switch {
			case c == '\\':
				escaped = true
			case c == '"':
				inDouble = false
			}
		case inSingle:
			if c == '\'' {
				inSingle = false
			}
		case c == '#' && (i == 0 || line[i-1] == ' ' || line[i-1] == '\t'):
			inComment = true
		case c == '"':
			inDouble = true
		case c == '\'':
			inSingle = true
		}
		b.WriteByte(c)
		i++
	}
	return nil
}

// WorkingDirOrSet records the config directory so relative paths in the
// document resolve consistently regardless of the process cwd.
func (c *Config) WorkingDirOrSet(dir string) {
	if c.Server.WorkingDir == "" {
		c.Server.WorkingDir = dir
	}
}

// applyDefaults backfills values that a hand-written file may omit, and
// normalises "off"/"disabled"/"" style booleans.
func (c *Config) applyDefaults() {
	d := Default()
	if c.Server.MaxConcurrent <= 0 {
		c.Server.MaxConcurrent = d.Server.MaxConcurrent
	}
	if c.Server.Timeouts.UDP <= 0 {
		c.Server.Timeouts.UDP = d.Server.Timeouts.UDP
	}
	if c.Server.Timeouts.TCP <= 0 {
		c.Server.Timeouts.TCP = d.Server.Timeouts.TCP
	}
	if c.Server.Timeouts.TLS <= 0 {
		c.Server.Timeouts.TLS = d.Server.Timeouts.TLS
	}
	if c.Server.Timeouts.Query <= 0 {
		c.Server.Timeouts.Query = d.Server.Timeouts.Query
	}
	if c.Server.Timeouts.Upstre <= 0 {
		c.Server.Timeouts.Upstre = d.Server.Timeouts.Upstre
	}
	if c.Server.Timeouts.List <= 0 {
		c.Server.Timeouts.List = d.Server.Timeouts.List
	}
	if c.DNS.MaxUDPSize < 512 {
		c.DNS.MaxUDPSize = d.DNS.MaxUDPSize
	}
	if c.DNS.DoH.BasePath == "" {
		c.DNS.DoH.BasePath = d.DNS.DoH.BasePath
	}
	if c.DNS.DoT.MinVersion == "" {
		c.DNS.DoT.MinVersion = d.DNS.DoT.MinVersion
	}
	if c.DNS.DoH.MinVersion == "" {
		c.DNS.DoH.MinVersion = d.DNS.DoH.MinVersion
	}
	if c.DNS.DoH.Transport.Mode == "" {
		c.DNS.DoH.Transport.Mode = "auto"
	}
	if c.EDNSBits() {
		// nothing; kept for symmetry
	}
	if c.EDNS().IPv4Bits == 0 {
		c.DNS.EDNS.IPv4Bits = d.DNS.EDNS.IPv4Bits
	}
	if c.DNS.EDNS.IPv6Bits == 0 {
		c.DNS.EDNS.IPv6Bits = d.DNS.EDNS.IPv6Bits
	}
	if c.Upstream.Policy == "" {
		c.Upstream.Policy = d.Upstream.Policy
	}
	if c.Upstream.MaxAttempts <= 0 {
		c.Upstream.MaxAttempts = d.Upstream.MaxAttempts
	}
	if c.Upstream.BreakerThreshold <= 0 {
		c.Upstream.BreakerThreshold = d.Upstream.BreakerThreshold
	}
	if c.Upstream.BreakerCooldown <= 0 {
		c.Upstream.BreakerCooldown = d.Upstream.BreakerCooldown
	}
	if c.Cache.Size <= 0 {
		c.Cache.Size = d.Cache.Size
	}
	if c.Cache.Shards <= 0 {
		c.Cache.Shards = d.Cache.Shards
	}
	c.Cache.Shards = pow2(c.Cache.Shards)
	if c.Cache.MaxTTL <= 0 {
		c.Cache.MaxTTL = d.Cache.MaxTTL
	}
	if c.Cache.NegativeTTL <= 0 {
		c.Cache.NegativeTTL = d.Cache.NegativeTTL
	}
	if c.Cache.Persist.Interval <= 0 {
		c.Cache.Persist.Interval = d.Cache.Persist.Interval
	}
	if c.Block.DefaultAction == "" {
		c.Block.DefaultAction = d.Block.DefaultAction
	}
	if c.Block.ResponseTTL <= 0 {
		c.Block.ResponseTTL = d.Block.ResponseTTL
	}
	if c.Block.Parallelism <= 0 {
		c.Block.Parallelism = d.Block.Parallelism
	}
	if c.ACL.DefaultPolicy == "" {
		c.ACL.DefaultPolicy = d.ACL.DefaultPolicy
	}
	if c.QueryLog.MaxEntries <= 0 {
		c.QueryLog.MaxEntries = d.QueryLog.MaxEntries
	}
	if c.QueryLog.FlushInterval <= 0 {
		c.QueryLog.FlushInterval = d.QueryLog.FlushInterval
	}
	if c.QueryLog.LiveBuffer <= 0 {
		c.QueryLog.LiveBuffer = d.QueryLog.LiveBuffer
	}
	if c.QueryLog.SampleRate <= 0 {
		c.QueryLog.SampleRate = 1
	}
	if c.QueryLog.SampleRate > 1 {
		c.QueryLog.SampleRate = 1
	}
	if c.Cluster.Valkey.Prefix == "" {
		c.Cluster.Valkey.Prefix = d.Cluster.Valkey.Prefix
	}
	if c.Cluster.Valkey.LeaderTTL <= 0 {
		c.Cluster.Valkey.LeaderTTL = d.Cluster.Valkey.LeaderTTL
	}
	if c.Cluster.PeerTTL <= 0 {
		c.Cluster.PeerTTL = d.Cluster.PeerTTL
	}
	if len(c.API.Listen) == 0 && len(c.API.TLSListen) == 0 {
		c.API.Listen = d.API.Listen
	}
	if c.API.BasePath == "" {
		c.API.BasePath = d.API.BasePath
	}
	c.API.BasePath = "/" + strings.Trim(c.API.BasePath, "/")
	if c.API.Auth.Mode == "" {
		c.API.Auth.Mode = d.API.Auth.Mode
	}
	if c.API.Auth.SessionTTL <= 0 {
		c.API.Auth.SessionTTL = d.API.Auth.SessionTTL
	}
	if c.Metrics.Path == "" {
		c.Metrics.Path = d.Metrics.Path
	}
	if !strings.HasPrefix(c.Metrics.Path, "/") {
		c.Metrics.Path = "/" + c.Metrics.Path
	}
	if c.Log.Level == "" {
		c.Log.Level = d.Log.Level
	}
	if c.Log.Format == "" {
		c.Log.Format = d.Log.Format
	}
	// Normalise list sources and upstream weights.
	for i := range c.Block.Lists {
		l := &c.Block.Lists[i]
		if l.Format == "" {
			l.Format = "auto"
		}
		if l.Refresh == 0 {
			l.Refresh = Duration(24 * time.Hour)
		}
		if l.Timeout <= 0 {
			l.Timeout = c.Server.Timeouts.List
		}
		if l.MaxBytes <= 0 {
			l.MaxBytes = 512 << 20
		}
	}
	for i := range c.Upstream.Servers {
		u := &c.Upstream.Servers[i]
		if u.Proto == "" {
			u.Proto = "udp"
		}
		if u.Weight <= 0 {
			u.Weight = 1
		}
		if _, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(u.Addr); err != nil {
			u.Addr = net.JoinHostPort(u.Addr, defaultPort(u.Proto))
		}
	}
}

func defaultPort(proto string) string {
	switch proto {
	case "tls":
		return "853"
	case "tcp", "udp":
		return "53"
	}
	return "53"
}

func pow2(n int) int {
	if n <= 1 {
		return 1
	}
	p := 1
	for p < n {
		p <<= 1
	}
	return p
}

// EDNS is a tiny accessor so callers can treat a possibly-zero value safely.
func (c *Config) EDNS() EDNS     { return c.DNS.EDNS }
func (c *Config) EDNSBits() bool { return c.DNS.EDNS.ClientSubnet }

// Validate reports every problem it can find, aggregated, so an operator
// fixing a config file sees all of it at once.
func (c *Config) Validate() error {
	var errs []error
	add := func(format string, args ...any) { errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf(format, args...)) }

	if c.Server.MaxConcurrent <= 0 {
		add("server.max_concurrent must be > 0")
	}
	checkAddrs := func(field string, list []string) {
		for _, a := range list {
			if _, _, err := net.SplitHostPort(a); err != nil {
				add("%s: %q is not host:port", field, a)
			}
		}
	}
	checkAddrs("dns.udp", c.DNS.UDP)
	checkAddrs("dns.tcp", c.DNS.TCP)
	checkAddrs("dns.dot.listen", c.DNS.DoT.Listen)
	checkAddrs("dns.doh.listen", c.DNS.DoH.Listen)
	checkAddrs("api.listen", c.API.Listen)
	checkAddrs("api.tls_listen", c.API.TLSListen)

	if c.DNS.MaxUDPSize < 512 || c.DNS.MaxUDPSize > 4096 {
		add("dns.max_udp_size must be between 512 and 4096")
	}
	switch c.Upstream.Policy {
	case "parallel", "random", "failover", "":
	default:
		add("upstream.policy must be parallel, random or failover (got %q)", c.Upstream.Policy)
	}
	if len(c.Upstream.Servers) == 0 {
		add("upstream.servers must not be empty")
	}
	seen := map[string]bool{}
	for i, u := range c.Upstream.Servers {
		if u.Addr == "" {
			add("upstream.servers[%d]: addr is required", i)
		}
		if seen[u.Addr+"/"+u.Proto] {
			add("upstream.servers[%d]: duplicate %s %s", i, u.Proto, u.Addr)
		}
		seen[u.Addr+"/"+u.Proto] = true
		switch u.Proto {
		case "udp", "tcp", "tls":
		default:
			add("upstream.servers[%d]: proto must be udp, tcp or tls (got %q)", i, u.Proto)
		}
		if u.Proto == "tls" && u.ServerName == "" {
			host, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(u.Addr)
			u.ServerName = host
		}
	}
	for i, b := range c.Upstream.Bootstraps {
		if b.Name == "" {
			add("upstream.bootstraps[%d]: name is required", i)
		}
		for _, a := range b.Addresses {
			if net.ParseIP(a) == nil {
				add("upstream.bootstraps[%d]: %q is not an IP address", i, a)
			}
		}
	}

	switch c.Block.DefaultAction {
	case "nxdomain", "zero", "redirect", "drop", "refused":
	default:
		add("blocklist.default_action must be nxdomain, zero, redirect, drop or refused (got %q)", c.Block.DefaultAction)
	}
	if c.Block.DefaultAction == "zero" {
		if c.Block.ResponseIP == "" {
			c.Block.ResponseIP = "0.0.0.0"
		}
		if net.ParseIP(c.Block.ResponseIP) == nil {
			add("blocklist.response_ip %q is not an IP", c.Block.ResponseIP)
		}
		if c.Block.ResponseIPv6 == "" {
			c.Block.ResponseIPv6 = "::"
		}
		if net.ParseIP(c.Block.ResponseIPv6) == nil {
			add("blocklist.response_ipv6 %q is not an IP", c.Block.ResponseIPv6)
		}
	}
	if c.Block.DefaultAction == "redirect" && c.Block.RedirectName == "" {
		add("blocklist.redirect_name is required when default_action is redirect")
	}
	names := map[string]bool{}
	for i, l := range c.Block.Lists {
		if l.Name == "" {
			add("blocklist.lists[%d]: name is required", i)
		}
		if names[l.Name] {
			add("blocklist.lists[%d]: duplicate list name %q", i, l.Name)
		}
		names[l.Name] = true
		if l.URL == "" && l.Path == "" {
			add("blocklist.lists[%d] %q: one of url or path is required", i, l.Name)
		}
		if l.URL != "" {
			if !strings.HasPrefix(l.URL, "https://") && !strings.HasPrefix(l.URL, "http://") && !strings.HasPrefix(l.URL, "file://") {
				add("blocklist.lists[%d] %q: url must be http(s) or file", i, l.Name)
			}
			if strings.HasPrefix(l.URL, "http://") && l.InsecureSkipTLSVerify == false && false {
				add("blocklist.lists[%d] %q: plain http is discouraged", i, l.Name)
			}
		}
		switch l.Format {
		case "auto", "hosts", "adblock", "plain", "rpz", "":
		default:
			add("blocklist.lists[%d] %q: unknown format %q", i, l.Name, l.Format)
		}
		if l.Refresh < 0 {
			add("blocklist.lists[%d] %q: refresh must not be negative", i, l.Name)
		}
	}
	if c.Block.Enabled {
		if len(c.Block.Lists) == 0 && len(c.Block.LocalZones) == 0 &&
			len(c.Block.BlockEntries) == 0 && len(c.Block.AllowEntries) == 0 {
			add("blocklist is enabled but no lists, local_zones or inline entries are configured")
		}
	}

	switch c.ACL.DefaultPolicy {
	case "allow", "deny", "block_only":
	default:
		add("acl.default_policy must be allow, deny or block_only (got %q)", c.ACL.DefaultPolicy)
	}
	groups := map[string]bool{}
	for i, g := range c.ACL.Groups {
		if g.Name == "" {
			add("acl.groups[%d]: name is required", i)
		}
		if groups[g.Name] {
			add("acl.groups[%d]: duplicate group name %q", i, g.Name)
		}
		groups[g.Name] = true
		switch g.Policy {
		case "allow", "deny", "block_only":
		default:
			add("acl.groups[%d] %q: policy must be allow, deny or block_only (got %q)", i, g.Name, g.Policy)
		}
		for _, cidr := range g.Match.CIDRs {
			if _, _, err := net.ParseCIDR(cidr); err != nil {
				add("acl.groups[%d] %q: bad CIDR %q", i, g.Name, cidr)
			}
		}
		for _, s := range g.Match.PTRSuffixes {
			if !strings.HasSuffix(s, ".") {
				s += "."
				g.Match.PTRSuffixes[i] = s
			}
		}
		if g.Match.Any && len(g.Match.CIDRs) == 0 && len(g.Match.PTRSuffixes) == 0 && len(g.Match.Tags) == 0 {
			add("acl.groups[%d] %q: match.any is set but is also the fallback; make it the last group", i, g.Name)
		}
	}
	if c.QueryLog.SampleRate < 0 || c.QueryLog.SampleRate > 1 {
		add("qlog.sample_rate must be between 0 and 1")
	}

	if c.Cluster.Enabled {
		if len(c.Cluster.Valkey.Addrs) == 0 {
			add("cluster.valkey.addrs must not be empty when cluster.enabled is true")
		}
	}
	switch c.API.Auth.Mode {
	case "none", "apikey", "basic", "oidc":
	default:
		add("api.auth.mode must be none, apikey, basic or oidc (got %q)", c.API.Auth.Mode)
	}
	if c.API.Auth.Mode == "apikey" && len(c.API.Auth.APIKeys) == 0 && !c.API.Auth.TrustLoopback {
		add("api.auth.mode is apikey but api.auth.api_keys is empty and trust_loopback is false: the API would be unauthenticated")
	}
	if c.API.Auth.Mode == "basic" && c.API.Auth.Username == "" {
		add("api.auth.mode is basic but api.auth.username is empty")
	}
	if c.API.Auth.Mode == "oidc" {
		if c.API.Auth.OIDCIssuer == "" || c.API.Auth.OIDCAudience == "" || c.API.Auth.OIDCClientID == "" {
			add("api.auth.mode is oidc and requires oidc_issuer, oidc_audience and oidc_client_id")
		}
		if c.API.Auth.OIDCIssuer != "" {
			u, err := url.Parse(c.API.Auth.OIDCIssuer)
			if err != nil || u.Scheme != "https" || u.Host == "" || u.User != nil || u.RawQuery != "" || u.Fragment != "" {
				add("api.auth.oidc_issuer must be an HTTPS issuer URL")
			}
		}
	}
	if c.API.Auth.SessionTTL <= 0 {
		add("api.auth.session_ttl must be > 0")
	}
	for _, p := range c.API.TrustedProxies {
		if _, _, err := net.ParseCIDR(p); err != nil {
			add("api.trusted_proxies: bad CIDR %q", p)
		}
	}

	switch c.Log.Level {
	case "debug", "info", "warn", "error":
	default:
		add("log.level must be debug, info, warn or error (got %q)", c.Log.Level)
	}
	switch c.Log.Format {
	case "text", "json":
	default:
		add("log.format must be text or json (got %q)", c.Log.Format)
	}

	if len(errs) > 0 {
		sort.SliceStable(errs, func(i, j int) bool { return errs[i].Error() < errs[j].Error() })
		return errors.Join(errs...)
	}
	return nil
}

// Save atomically writes the configuration back to path as YAML.
func (c *Config) Save(path string) error {
	data, err := Marshal(c)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return WriteFileAtomic(path, data, 0o600)
}

// Marshal renders the config as YAML with a leading header comment.
func Marshal(c *Config) ([]byte, error) {
	var sb strings.Builder
	sb.WriteString("# fancy-dns configuration\n")
	sb.WriteString("# Managed with care: the admin API rewrites this file, so keep it in git.\n")
	enc := yaml.NewEncoder(&sb)
	enc.SetIndent(2)
	if err := enc.Encode(c); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if err := enc.Close(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return []byte(sb.String()), nil
}

// WriteFileAtomic writes data to path via a temp file + rename so readers
// never observe a partial document.
func WriteFileAtomic(path string, data []byte, perm os.FileMode) error {
	dir := filepath.Dir(path)
	if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0o755); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	tmp, err := os.CreateTemp(dir, "."+filepath.Base(path)+".tmp*")
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	tmpName := tmp.Name()
	defer os.Remove(tmpName)
	if _, err := tmp.Write(data); err != nil {
		tmp.Close()
		return err
	}
	if err := tmp.Sync(); err != nil {
		tmp.Close()
		return err
	}
	if err := tmp.Close(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := os.Chmod(tmpName, perm); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return os.Rename(tmpName, path)
}

// AbsPath resolves p against the config's working directory when relative.
func (c *Config) AbsPath(p string) string {
	if p == "" || filepath.IsAbs(p) {
		return p
	}
	wd := c.Server.WorkingDir
	if wd == "" {
		wd = "."
	}
	return filepath.Join(wd, p)
}

// CachePath returns the resolved bbolt cache path.
func (c *Config) CachePath() string {
	if c.Cache.Persist.Path != "" {
		return c.AbsPath(c.Cache.Persist.Path)
	}
	return c.AbsPath("data/cache.db")
}

// QueryLogPath returns the resolved bbolt query-log path.
func (c *Config) QueryLogPath() string {
	if c.QueryLog.Path != "" {
		return c.AbsPath(c.QueryLog.Path)
	}
	return c.AbsPath("data/queries.db")
}

// ListPath returns the on-disk path for a list source, or "" when the source
// is URL-only.
func (c *Config) ListPath(l ListSource) string {
	if l.Path == "" {
		return ""
	}
	return c.AbsPath(l.Path)
}

// HasAPIAuth reports whether any authentication is enforced at all.
func (c *Config) HasAPIAuth() bool {
	switch c.API.Auth.Mode {
	case "none":
		return false
	case "apikey":
		return len(c.API.Auth.APIKeys) > 0 || len(c.API.Auth.ReadOnlyAPIKeys) > 0 || !c.API.Auth.TrustLoopback
	case "basic":
		return true
	case "oidc":
		return true
	}
	return false
}

// ClientIPs parses ACL group CIDRs into prefixes, skipping invalid input
// (Validate already reported them).
func (g Group) Prefixes() []netip.Prefix {
	out := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, len(g.Match.CIDRs))
	for _, c := range g.Match.CIDRs {
		p, err := netip.ParsePrefix(c)
		if err != nil {
			continue
		}
		out = append(out, p)
	}
	return out
}